[Slakiii]

В России масонство, распространившееся в 18 в., считалось христианским союзом. Правда, одна из петербургских лож еще в 1797 г. приняла в свои члены еврея. С другой стороны, лишь отдельные евреи изъявляли желание сблизиться с русским обществом в рамках масонства.

К 1848 г. некоторые германские ложи стали принимать евреев, хотя и не всегда в качестве полноправных членов. Революция 1848 г., провозгласившая принцип эмансипации евреев, открыла перед ними двери масонских лож большинства германских государств, кроме Пруссии, масоны которой упорно отказывались принимать в свои ряды представителей нехристианских вероисповеданий. Правда, многие члены прусских лож, а иногда и целые ложи стремились к восстановлению первоначального английского устава, допускавшего принадлежность ее членов любой религии. Тем не менее, ограничения приема евреев в масонские ложи Пруссии, хотя и смягченные к 1870 г., когда Пруссия возглавила объединенную Германскую империю, никогда не были отменены полностью.

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In Germany objection to Jewish membership persisted, remaining a matter of controversy for generations. Until the 1780s only a few German Jews were admitted to Masonry. About this time Jewish applications for admission to the Masonic lodges became frequent. Though there were some attempts to open the lodges to Jews, no German Freemason of any standing at that time advocated Jewish admittance. Some German Jews became Freemasons when traveling abroad in England, Holland, and, particularly, in post-revolutionary France. In Germany itself French or French-initiated lodges were established during the Napoleonic occupation. A Jewish lodge, L'Aurore Naissante, was founded in Frankfurt, authorized in 1808 by the Grand Orient in Paris. These ventures, however, hardened the resistance of the indigenous lodges in Frankfurt and in other German towns, and some Masonic fraternities introduced amended constitutions specifically excluding Jews.

In the 1830s German intellectuals who were Freemasons protested against this exclusion, joined by Masons from Holland, England, France, and even by a lodge in New York, who resented the fact that their Jewish members were refused entrance to German lodges. By 1848 some lodges admitted Jews, if not as full members at least as visitors. The years of the 1848 Revolution swept away some of the paragraphs excluding Jews, and the Frankfurt Jewish lodges were now acknowledged by their Christian counterparts. The exceptions were the Prussian lodges, controlled by law from 1798 by the mother lodges from Berlin. In 1840 there were 164 Prussian lodges with a membership of 13,000. No Jew could ever be admitted to these, not even as a visitor, but many members, and sometimes entire lodges, wanted to reintroduce the original English constitution which excluded the attachment of Freemasonry to any specific religion. By the early 1870s most branches admitted Jews as visitors, sometimes even as permanent visitors, and in one of the branches of the Prussian lodges the restrictive paragraph was removed in 1872. A new wave of antisemitism, however, soon swept over the Bismarckian Reich, and by 1876 the lodges were already adopting an antisemitic tone. Those Jews who had been accepted by Prussian lodges left during the antisemitic outbreaks, followed by some liberal-minded Christians who were shocked by the behavior of a society ostensibly committed to the ideal of brotherhood.